Python第十三天 django 1.6 导入模板定义数据模型访问数据库 GET和POST方法 SimpleCMDB项目 urllib模块 urllib2模块 ...

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发布时间：2019-06-28

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Python第十三天 django 1.6 导入模板定义数据模型访问数据库 GET和POST方法 SimpleCMDB项目 urllib模块 urllib2模块 httplib模块 django和web服务器整合 wsgi模块 gunicorn模块

翻译项目

http://python.usyiyi.cn/translate/django_182/index.html

前端模板：（SmartAdmin）http://www.cnblogs.com/smartbooks/archive/2012/12/03/2799416.html

现在主流使用django 1.6

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/faq/install/

MVC

M：models.py

V：templates 和views.py

C：urls.py

Django

Django的安装

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/

1、pip 安装方式

pip install django==1.6.5

或

easy_install django

查看是否安装成功

pip list

2、源码安装方式

下载tar.gz包

django的源码包

https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Django

python setup.py install

中文文档：

http://djangobook.py3k.cn/2.0/

# 验证django版本

import django

print(django.get_version())

1.5.5

django-admin.py

/usr/bin/django-admin.py

/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py

创建工程

首先创建一个工程目录：

cd /data/www/

#web为项目名，在当前目录下会新建一个web目录

django-admin.py startproject web

settings.py当前工程的配置文件

urls.py:urls配置文件，MVC里面的C

__init__.py 说明当前是一个包，python可以引入这个目录下的模块

# 修改时区和语言

vim settings.py

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-cn'

cat /etc/sysconfig/clock

ZONE="Asia/Shanghai"

启动服务：

cd /data/www/web/

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8880

django目录结构

项目-》应用

项目文件夹里面可以包含多个应用，跟visual studio里面的解决方案下面有多个application一样，最好只创建一个应用，因为一个应用对应一个数据库

添加应用

添加一个应用，记住，应用一定要创建在项目文件夹下

cd /data/www/web/

python manage.py startapp blog

或者：

django-admin.py startapp blog

[root@VM_centos web]# ll

total 12

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 11 21:00 blog

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 246 Feb 11 10:56 manage.py

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 11 11:14 web

在项目文件夹里的setting.py

cd /data/www/web/

1. 添加应用：setting.py

INSTALLED_APPS = (

'blog',

2.修改url配置文件urls.py：用户请求的url转给谁去处理

url(r'^blog/index/$', 'blog.views.index'),

blog：blog目录

views：blog目录下的views.py

index：写在views.py 里面的index函数

3.修改应用视图文件：让views.py文件的index方法来处理此请求：

cd /data/www/web/blog/

vim views.py

from django.shortcuts import renderfrom django.http import HttpResponsedef index(request):    return HttpResponse('hello django
')# Create your views here.

访问：http://192.168.10.2:8880/blog/index

导入模板

cd /data/www/web

mkdir blog/templates

templates：名字不能改

cd blog/templates

vim index.html

<h1> hello </h1>

cd /data/www/web/blog/

vim views.py

修改视图文件views.py

from django.template import loader, Context

1. 创建模板对象，把对应的模板文件导入，自动在templates目录下找到index.html文件

loader.get_template('index.html')

2. 生成Context对象，空的字典

c = Context({})

3. return HttpResponse(t.render(c))

from django.shortcuts import render

from django.http import HttpResponse

from django.template import loader, Context

# Create your views here.

def index(request):

t = loader.get_template('index.html')

c = Context({})

return HttpResponse(t.render(c))

定义数据模型

Django定义数据模型在App中的models.py文件，数据库的表名称以类的形式来定义：

vim models.py

from django.db import models# Create your models here.class Host(models.Model):    hostname = models.CharField(max_length=50)    ipaddr = models.IPAddressField()def __unicode__(self):    return self.hostname

python manage.py validate //查看models.py的语法和逻辑是否正确，返回0 errors found正确

管理数据

python manage.py validate

初始化模型到数据库，每个应用对应一个数据库，每个数据库都有下面的权限表：

sqlite> .tables

auth_group

auth_user_user_permissions

auth_group_permissions

blog_host

auth_permission

django_admin_log

auth_user

django_content_type

auth_user_groups

django_session

python manage.py syncdb

执行的时候会提示输入django管理界面的用户名和密码（也就是django自带的管理平台的用户名和密码http://192.168.6.3:8880/admin，这个用户名密码会保存到auth_user表里）

打开django管理界面

http://192.168.10.2:8880/admin

确保数据库引擎已经设置好

vim settings.py

DATABASES = {

'default': {

'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',

'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),

}

执行python manage.py syncdb之后会生成db.sqlite3文件

[root@VM_centos web]# ll

total 48

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 13 13:55 blog

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34816 Feb 13 14:04 db.sqlite3

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 246 Feb 11 10:56 manage.py

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 13 14:01 web

换数据库

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/

DATABASES = {

'default': {

'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',

'NAME': 'cmdb',

'USER': 'root',

'PASSWORD': '123456',

'HOST': '127.0.0.1',

'PORT': '3306',

}

需要安装python的mysql驱动

yum install -y MySQL-python.x86_64

通过admin页面管理数据:

cd /data/www/web/blog

vim vim admin.py

把表在admin.py里注册，admin才能识别

from django.contrib import adminfrom blog.models import Host或from blog.models import *  导入所有的类# Register your models here.如果要显示列，需要定义list_display列表：class HostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['hostname','ipaddr']admin.site.register(Host, HostAdmin)

访问数据库

访问数据库(一)

如何访问数据，交互式方法：

python manage.py shell

from blog.models import Host //导入表

显示数据：

node = Host.objects.all()

node.values()

增加数据：

n1 = Host(hostname=‘node1',ipaddr=‘1.1.1.1')

或：

n1 = Host()

n1.hostname = ‘node1’

n1.ipaddr = ‘1.1.1.1’

n1.save() //写到表里

访问数据库(二)

通过视图文件views.py来访问数据

1.在urls.py文件里定义urls访问路径

vim urls.py

urlpatterns = patterns('',

# Examples:

# url(r'^$', 'web.views.home', name='home'),

# url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),

url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),

url(r'^blog/index/$', 'blog.views.index'),

url(r'^db/$', 'blog.views.db'),

)

2. 在views.py里定义访问方法

vim views.py

from django.template import loader,Context

from blog.models import Host

from django.shortcuts import render

from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):

return HttpResponse('<h1>hello django</h1>')

def db(req):

h=Host()

h.hostname='test'

h.ip='192.168.2.3'

h.save()

return HttpResponse('OK')

request,req：表示客户端向服务器端的请求，HttpRequest对象

访问数据库(三)

定义API

1. urls.py 定义访问路径

2. views.py 定义访问方法 (API)

def collect(request):

if request.POST: 或 request.method == 'POST'

hostname = request.POST.get('hostname')

ipaddr = request.POST.get('ipaddr')

host = Host()

host.hostname = hostname

host.ipaddr = ipaddr

host.save()

return HttpResponse('OK')

else:

return HttpResponse('not data')

注释掉csrf，让django识别curl

vim settings.py

MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (

'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',

'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',

# 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',

'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',

'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',

'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',

)

curl -d hostname='node05' -d ip='192.168.10.2' http://192.168.1.5:8000/db/

GET和POST方法

HttpRequest

request.POST.get('hostname')

或：

request.POST['hostname']

request.GET.get('hostname')

或：

request.GET['hostname']

传递数据

POST方法：

curl -d hostname='node12' -d ipaddr='12.12.12.12' http://192.168.3.72:8000/blog.collect/

GET方法：通过浏览器传递数据

http://192.168.3.72:8000/blog.get?hostname=n3&ipaddr=1.1.1.3

SimpleCMDB项目 urllib模块 urllib2模块 httplib模块

创建一个应用：

python manage.py startapp hostinfo

修改settings.py添加应用

admin.py

注册数据库：admin.py

from hostinfo.models import Host

class HostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

list_display = ['hostname',

'vendor',

'product',

'osver',

'cpu_model',

'cpu_num',

'memory',

'sn']

admin.site.register(Host, HostAdmin)

syncdb

同步数据库

定义url访问路径

views.py定义访问方法

导入数据：

# cat data.sh

curl -d vendor='HP' -d product='2014' -d osver='rhel6.4' -d memory=4 -d cpu_model='Intel' -d cpu_num=8 -d sn='XXXXX' -d hostname='node2' http://192.168.131.10:8000/api/collect/

# bash data.sh

urllib，urllib2,httplib

使用urllib访问网页和传数据，通常urllib，urllib2这两个模块一起添加

req = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.131.10:8000/api/collect')

对字典data进行编码，生成post格式的数据

data ={'hostname':'node05','ip':'192.18.2.3'}

d = urllib.urlencode(data) #必须先要urlencode 才能传入url

req = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.131.10:8000/api/collect/',d)

req.read()

urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=<object object>, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)

data=None：请求的数据，post方式

urlencode(query, doseq=0)

Encode a sequence of two-element tuples or dictionary into a URL query string.

传入一个两个元素的元组或字典作为url查询字符串

print urllib.urlencode({'ip':'192.168.1.1','host':'123'})

ip=192.168.1.1&host=123 ：转化为url的post方式

vim models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Host(models.Model):

hostname = models.CharField(max_length=50)

ip = models.IPAddressField()

vendor = models.CharField(max_length=50)

product = models.CharField(max_length=50)

sn = models.CharField(max_length=50)

cpu_model = models.CharField(max_length=50)

cpu_num = models.IntegerField()

memory = models.CharField(max_length=50)

osver = models.CharField(max_length=50)

def __unicode__(self):

return self.hostname

class HostGroup(models.Model):

groupname = models.CharField(max_length=50)

members = models.ManyToManyField(Host)

创建HostGroup表，models.py

class HostGroup(models.Model):

groupname = models.CharField(max_length=50)

members = models.ManyToManyField(Host) # 多对多关系

注册数据库，admin.py

from hostinfo.models import HostGroup

class HostGroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

list_display = ['groupname']

admin.site.register(HostGroup, HostGroupAdmin)

python manage.py sqlall blog

BEGIN;

CREATE TABLE "blog_host" (

"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

"hostname" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"ip" char(15) NOT NULL,

"vendor" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"product" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"sn" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"cpu_model" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"cpu_num" integer NOT NULL,

"memory" varchar(50) NOT NULL,

"osver" varchar(50) NOT NULL

)

;

CREATE TABLE "blog_hostgroup_members" (

"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

"hostgroup_id" integer NOT NULL,

"host_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "blog_host" ("id"),

UNIQUE ("hostgroup_id", "host_id")

)

;

CREATE TABLE "blog_hostgroup" (

"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

"groupname" varchar(50) NOT NULL

)

;

CREATE INDEX "blog_hostgroup_members_521bb4b0" ON "blog_hostgroup_members" ("hostgroup_id");

CREATE INDEX "blog_hostgroup_members_27f00f5d" ON "blog_hostgroup_members" ("host_id");

COMMIT;

django和web服务器整合 wsgi模块 gunicorn模块

wsgi模块

wsgi：web server gateway interface web服务器网关接口

Django与Apache整合

安装

yum install -y mod_wsgi

cd /etc/httpd/conf.d

vim wsgi.conf

gunicorn模块

yum install -y epel-release

Django与nginx整合

netstat -tulanp|grep :8000

使用这个命令来看8000端口是否开启，192.168.0.110上的8000是nginx开的，127.0.0.1上的8000是python这个进程开的。

所以使用netstat -tulanp|grep nginx这个命令是看不到的。

manage.py的用法

python manage.py runserver 8080更改服务器端口号python manage.py shell启动交互界面，如果系统安装了ipython则启动ipython，否则启动python命令行，而且多了一些环境变量python manage.py startapp books创建一个app，名为bookspython manage.py validate验证Django数据模型代码是否有错误，models.py文件里面的代码是否有误python manage.py sqlall books为模型产生sql代码，但不实际执行python manage.py syncdb运行sql语句，在数据库里创建模型相应的Tablepython manage.py dbshell启动数据库的命令行工具

sqlite常用操作

跟mysql一样，以分号 ; 作为一个语句的结束

sqlite> .tablesauth_group                  auth_user_user_permissionsauth_group_permissions      blog_host                 auth_permission             django_admin_log          auth_user                   django_content_type       auth_user_groups            django_session            sqlite> .databaseseq  name             file                                                      ---  ---------------  ----------------------------------------------------------0    main             /data/www/web/db.sqlite3                                  1    temp                                            sqlite> .exit [root@VM_centos web]# sqlite> .schema CREATE TABLE "auth_group" (    "id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,    "name" varchar(80) NOT NULL UNIQUE);CREATE INDEX "django_admin_log_6340c63c" ON "django_admin_log" ("user_id");CREATE INDEX "django_session_b7b81f0c" ON "django_session" ("expire_date");sqlite> .show     echo: off  explain: off  headers: off     mode: listnullvalue: ""   output: stdoutseparator: "|"    width:     sqlite> .help .backup ?DB? FILE      Backup DB (default "main") to FILE.bail ON|OFF           Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF.databases             List names and files of attached databases.dump ?TABLE? ...      Dump the database in an SQL text format                         If TABLE specified, only dump tables matching                         LIKE pattern TABLE..echo ON|OFF           Turn command echo on or off.exit                  Exit this program.explain ON|OFF        Turn output mode suitable for EXPLAIN on or off..genfkey ?OPTIONS?     Options are:                         --no-drop: Do not drop old fkey triggers.                         --ignore-errors: Ignore tables with fkey errors                         --exec: Execute generated SQL immediately                       See file tool/genfkey.README in the source                        distribution for further information..header(s) ON|OFF      Turn display of headers on or off.help                  Show this message.import FILE TABLE     Import data from FILE into TABLE.indices ?TABLE?       Show names of all indices                         If TABLE specified, only show indices for tables                         matching LIKE pattern TABLE..load FILE ?ENTRY?     Load an extension library.mode MODE ?TABLE?     Set output mode where MODE is one of:                         csv      Comma-separated values                         column   Left-aligned columns.  (See .width)                         html     HTML 
     
       code                         insert   SQL insert statements for TABLE                         line     One value per line                         list     Values delimited by .separator string                         tabs     Tab-separated values                         tcl      TCL list elements.nullvalue STRING      Print STRING in place of NULL values.output FILENAME       Send output to FILENAME.output stdout         Send output to the screen.prompt MAIN CONTINUE  Replace the standard prompts.quit                  Exit this program.read FILENAME         Execute SQL in FILENAME.restore ?DB? FILE     Restore content of DB (default "main") from FILE.schema ?TABLE?        Show the CREATE statements                         If TABLE specified, only show tables matching                         LIKE pattern TABLE..separator STRING      Change separator used by output mode and .import.show                  Show the current values for various settings.tables ?TABLE?        List names of tables                         If TABLE specified, only list tables matching                         LIKE pattern TABLE..timeout MS            Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds.width NUM NUM ...     Set column widths for "column" mode.timer ON|OFF          Turn the CPU timer measurement on or off

django中的模型三种关系

1=>N | 1<=>1 | N<=>N 三种关系

1对多：ForeignKey

1对1：OneToOneField

多对多：ManyToManyField

class Student(models.Model):

student_name = models.CharField(verbose_name=u'student name', max_length=100)

school = models.ForeignKey(School, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='student school')

teachers = models.ManyToManyField(Teacher, verbose_name='students teachers')

bed = models.OneToOneField(Bed, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='student bed')

django女孩博客

http://blog.djangogirls.org/